NTSE VIII
West Bengal 2012 Answer key (To be updated)
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Stomata consist of two specialized cells, also known as guard cells that surround a tiny pore called the stoma . 
The mechanical interpretation of the stomata function was began in 1856 by von Mohl (Sharpe et. al.) He based his observations on six points, relating to stomatal function. According to Sharp and others in Stomatal Mechanics von Mohl six observations are:
- Guard cells swell by the inflow of water and contract by the loss of water. The pore opens when the guard cells become turgid and closes when they become flaccid.
- Nonuniform thickening of the guard cell wall influences the changes in cell shape as the pore opens and closes.
- The water-extracting power (differences in osmotic potential) of guard cells in greater than that of neighboring (epidermal) cells.
- Guard cells may have a “favorable mechanical relationship” over their surrounding cells.
- With the expectation of the surface along which they are in contact with the epidermal cells, guard cells may expand without restriction. (Raschke interpreted von Mohl as saying that the effect of epidermal pressure on stomatal opening depends on the ratio of the surface areas on which guard cell and epidermal pressures act..)
- Guard cells freed from influences of surrounding epidermal cells, as in detached strips with ruptured epidermal cells, may not behave in the same way as on undamaged leaves.
The stomata supplies things such as water and minerals to the entire plant system during transpiration. There are times where some plants encounter conditions such as drought; at this time a plant hormone called abscisic acid alerts the stomata to shut tightly in order to prevent plants from dehydrating and wilting (Shuppan). The stomata are crucial for a plants survival.
There are multiple parts and functions of the stomata that work during the process of photosynthesis. The specialized guard cells in the stomata of plants are called guard cells; the most important part to the stomata. Guard cells control opening and closing of the pores in the response of the environment (Shuppan). They are undersurface of leaves for controlling gas exchange and water loss of the plant. Guard cells are in pairs and shaped like a kidney bean so that stomata can exist between them. During warm weather, when a plant is likely to lose excessive water the guard cells close eliminating as much water evaporation from the interior of the leaf.
Stomatal openings are modulated by what is known as a “potassium pump” which is found in the guard cells. Ritchie states in Stomata A Window to Outside World,
- “Potassium ions (K+) contained in the guard cells influence their osmotic properties. As the K+ concentration increases, the sell osmotic potential drops. This pulls the water into the guard cells, opening the stomata.”
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- c/d - Bahadur Shah II and Bahadur Shah Jafar are commonly referred to the the single ruler
- d. Britain, France, America and germany were the main parties.
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- -b - The first permanent settlement was built in 1983 and named Dakshin Gangotri. In 1989 it was abandoned after it became buried in ice. in options 1982 is given. IMD’s Antarctic Meteorological Programme continues to be an integral part of the Indian Scientific Expedition to Antarctica since the very first expedition to the icy continent during 1981-82. During 2nd expedition 1982-83 Surface meteorological observatory was established at Dakshin Gangotri.
During 3rd expedition 1983-84, year round met. observatory was established.
During 4th expedition 1984-85 trial DCP commissioned for down loading INSAT IB data
During 5th expedition 1985-86 DCP was established at DG.
During 6th expedition 1986-87 Vertical & surface ozone measurements indicated presence of ozone hole.
During 7th expedition 1987-88 Dobson photometer was installed for ozone measurements.
During 9th expedition, in Jan 1990 modern permanent met. lab at Maitri was established.
During 12th expedition, Ozone measurement for Maitri contributes to international ROSA project
During 13th expedition, (1993-94) Met. data exchange with other Antarctic stations achieved.
During 14th expedition, Continuous ozone measurements on year-round basis achieved
During 14th expedition, Annual ozone hole mapped on a continuous basis.
During 18th expedtion,(1998-99) Brewer Spectrophotometer observations were started from 20th July 1999 and is used to measure Atmospheric total ozone, Ground reaching UVB radiation, Concentration of SO2, NO2.
Observational program continued upto Jan 1990 at Dakshin Gangotri until this station was decommissioned.
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